PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION, PDO::ATTR_DEFAULT_FETCH_MODE => PDO::FETCH_ASSOC, PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES => false, ]; try { return new PDO($dsn, $dbUser, $dbPass, $options); } catch (PDOException $e) { throw new RuntimeException('Database connection failed: ' . $e->getMessage()); } } }